Fibromuscular dysplasia

Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal development or growth of cells within the walls of small and medium-sized arteries, leading to the formation of fibrous tissue. This condition primarily affects the arteries that supply blood to various organs, such as the renal (kidney) arteries, carotid arteries (in the neck), and arteries leading to the abdominal organs.

Key features of fibromuscular dysplasia include:

Arterial Narrowing and Weakening: FMD results in abnormal growth within the arterial walls, causing them to narrow and weaken. This can lead to the formation of narrow segments, called stenosis, and potentially affect blood flow.

Bead-Like Appearance: One distinctive feature of fibromuscular dysplasia is the “string of beads” appearance seen on imaging studies like angiography. This appearance is due to alternating areas of narrowing and dilation along the affected artery.

Commonly Affected Arteries:

Renal Arteries: FMD often affects the renal arteries, leading to reduced blood flow to the kidneys. This can result in high blood pressure (hypertension).

Carotid Arteries: Involvement of the carotid arteries can affect blood flow to the brain, potentially leading to neurological symptoms or, in severe cases, stroke.

Other Arteries: FMD can also affect arteries supplying other organs, such as the mesenteric arteries (leading to the intestines) or the arteries in the limbs.

Symptoms: The symptoms of fibromuscular dysplasia can vary depending on the affected arteries. Common symptoms may include high blood pressure, headaches, dizziness, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), and, in severe cases, stroke or organ damage due to reduced blood flow.

Diagnosis: Diagnosis often involves imaging studies such as angiography, ultrasound, or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). The characteristic “beaded” appearance helps in identifying FMD.

Treatment: Management of fibromuscular dysplasia depends on the severity of symptoms and the affected arteries. Treatment may include medications to control blood pressure, antiplatelet drugs, or, in some cases, procedures like angioplasty and stenting to improve blood flow.

The exact cause of fibromuscular dysplasia is not well understood, and it can occur in individuals of any age. While the condition is often manageable, close monitoring and appropriate medical intervention are essential to prevent complications and manage symptoms effectively. Individuals diagnosed with fibromuscular dysplasia should work closely with our vascular specialists for ongoing care and treatment.